Turing, Alan M. 1950. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 59 (236): 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. Fonte primaria.
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Turing, Alan M. 1950. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 59 (236): 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. Fonte primaria.
McCarthy, John, Marvin L. Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude E. Shannon. 2006. “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955.” AI Magazine 27 (4): 12–14. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904. Proposta originale datata 31 agosto 1955; estratto ripubblicato nel 2006. Fonte storica primaria; il libro cita la ristampa del 2006. Archivio della proposta originale: https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth/dartmouth.pdf.
Rosenblatt, Frank. 1958. “The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain.” Psychological Review 65 (6): 386–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042519. Fonte primaria.
Minsky, Marvin, and Seymour A. Papert. 1987. Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry. Expanded ed. MIT Press. First published 1969. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262631112/perceptrons/. Fonte primaria; la pagina dell’editore rimanda all’edizione ampliata.
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Vaswani, Ashish, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. “Attention Is All You Need.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30. https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2017/hash/3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-Abstract.html. Fonte primaria. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762.
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CERN. 2013. “The Open Internet and the Web.” April 30, 2013. https://home.cern/open-internet-and-web/. Documentazione ufficiale.
Howe, Jim. 2007. “Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: A Perspective.” June 2007. School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh. https://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/AIhistory.html. Ricostruzione storica istituzionale.
McDermott, Drew, M. Mitchell Waldrop, B. Chandrasekaran, John McDermott, and Roger Schank. 1985. “The Dark Ages of AI: A Panel Discussion at AAAI-84.” AI Magazine 6 (3): 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v6i3.494. Fonte storica primaria, dibattito pubblicato.
Turpin, Miles, Julian Michael, Ethan Perez, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2023. “Language Models Don’t Always Say What They Think: Unfaithful Explanations in Chain-of-Thought Prompting.” NeurIPS 2023 conference paper, author manuscript, arXiv:2305.04388v2. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.04388v2. Articolo di ricerca presentato a una conferenza e manoscritto dell’autore; i risultati riguardano i modelli e i prompt provati.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Verifiable Credentials Working Group. 2025c. Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0. W3C Recommendation, May 15, 2025. https://www.w3.org/TR/2025/REC-vc-data-model-2.0-20250515/. Raccomandazione W3C. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model-2.0/.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Verifiable Credentials Working Group. 2025b. Verifiable Credential Data Integrity 1.0. W3C Recommendation, May 15, 2025. https://www.w3.org/TR/2025/REC-vc-data-integrity-20250515/. Raccomandazione W3C. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-integrity/.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Verifiable Credentials Working Group. 2025a. Securing Verifiable Credentials Using JOSE and COSE. W3C Recommendation, May 15, 2025. https://www.w3.org/TR/2025/REC-vc-jose-cose-20250515/. Raccomandazione W3C. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-jose-cose/.
OpenID Foundation, Digital Credentials Protocols Working Group. 2025a. OpenID for Verifiable Credential Issuance 1.0. Final specification, September 16, 2025. https://openid.net/specs/openid-4-verifiable-credential-issuance-1_0.html. Specifica definitiva.
OpenID Foundation, Digital Credentials Protocols Working Group. 2025b. OpenID for Verifiable Presentations 1.0. Final specification, July 9, 2025. https://openid.net/specs/openid-4-verifiable-presentations-1_0.html. Specifica definitiva.
Temoshok, David, Diana Proud-Madruga, Yee-Yin Choong, Ryan Galluzzo, Sarbari Gupta, Connie LaSalle, Naomi Lefkovitz, and Andrew Regenscheid. 2025. Digital Identity Guidelines. NIST Special Publication 800-63-4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. July 2025. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63-4. Norma tecnica definitiva.
Yaga, Dylan, Peter Mell, Nik Roby, and Karen Scarfone. 2018. Blockchain Technology Overview. NIST Interagency/Internal Report 8202. National Institute of Standards and Technology. October 2018. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8202. Rapporto tecnico ufficiale.
Burrell, Jenna. 2016. “How the Machine ‘Thinks’: Understanding Opacity in Machine Learning Algorithms.” Big Data & Society 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715622512. Analisi sociotecnica dell’opacità algoritmica sottoposta a revisione paritaria.
Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA). n.d. C2PA and Content Credentials Explainer. Version 2.2. https://spec.c2pa.org/specifications/specifications/2.2/explainer/Explainer.html. Documento esplicativo tecnico, versione 2.2; la verifica della provenienza non è un giudizio di verità.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2023a. Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). January 2023. NIST AI 100-1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.100-1. Quadro ufficiale volontario di gestione del rischio; non convalida né approva il Test del 2050 dell’autore.
Parasuraman, Raja, and Victor Riley. 1997. “Humans and Automation: Use, Misuse, Disuse, Abuse.” Human Factors 39 (2): 230–253. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872097778543886. Analisi dei fattori umani nell’uso e nell’uso improprio dell’automazione, sottoposta a revisione paritaria.
Schwartz, Reva, Apostol Vassilev, Kristen Greene, Lori Perine, Andrew Burt, and Patrick Hall. 2022. Towards a Standard for Identifying and Managing Bias in Artificial Intelligence. NIST Special Publication 1270. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Corrected March 24, 2022. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1270. Rapporto tecnico ufficiale sulle fonti sistemiche, statistiche e umane dei bias.
International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission. 2023. Information Technology: Artificial Intelligence, Management System. ISO/IEC 42001:2023. https://www.iso.org/standard/42001. Norma internazionale sui sistemi di gestione.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2021. Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: WHO Guidance. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240029200. Orientamenti istituzionali.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2023. Regulatory Considerations on Artificial Intelligence for Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240078871. Panoramica istituzionale delle considerazioni regolatorie, espressamente non qualificata come orientamenti, quadro regolatorio o politica.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2024. Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: Guidance on Large Multi-Modal Models. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240084759. Edizione e citazione bibliografica dell’OMS: 2024; pagina istituzionale attuale datata 2025-03-25. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://www.who.int/publications/b/70584.
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Europe. 2026. Artificial Intelligence Is Reshaping Health Systems: State of Readiness across the European Union. WHO/EURO:2026-12707-52481-81471. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12707-52481-81471. Rapporto istituzionale sulla preparazione dei sistemi sanitari nei 27 Stati membri dell’UE; non evidenza clinica di efficacia. WHO/EURO:2026-12707-52481-81471.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2026. Artificial Intelligence and Evidence-Informed Policy: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities: Discussion Paper. B09667. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/B09667. Documento tecnico istituzionale; richiede supervisione, valutazioni d’impatto e giudizio umano.
Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG). 2025. Guidance on Qualification and Classification of Software in Regulation (EU) 2017/745, MDR, and Regulation (EU) 2017/746, IVDR. June 17, 2025. MDCG 2019-11 rev.1. https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b45335c5-1679-4c71-a91c-fc7a4d37f12b_en. Orientamenti ufficiali della Commissione europea, non atto legislativo.
Artificial Intelligence Board (AIB) and Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG). 2025. Interplay between the Medical Devices Regulation, the In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Act. AIB 2025-1; MDCG 2025-6. https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b78a17d7-e3cd-4943-851d-e02a2f22bbb4_en. Orientamenti congiunti ufficiali, non atto legislativo.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2025b. “Mental Health of Adolescents.” September 1, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health. Scheda informativa istituzionale.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2025a. From Loneliness to Social Connection: Charting a Path to Healthier Societies. Report of the WHO Commission on Social Connection. https://www.who.int/groups/commission-on-social-connection/report. Rapporto istituzionale.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Innocenti. 2025. Guidance on AI and Children. Version 3.0. https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/reports/policy-guidance-ai-children. Orientamenti istituzionali fondati sui diritti dei minori.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2026. When AI Becomes a Friend: Child Rights Risks, Harms, and Regulatory Responses to AI Chatbots and Companions. June 2026. Policy brief. https://www.unicef.org/documents/when-ai-becomes-friend-child-rights-risks. Documento di indirizzo; rassegna normativa aggiornata al 2026-05-15, non evidenza clinica.
U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). 2025. “FTC Launches Inquiry into AI Chatbots Acting as Companions.” September 2025. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/09/ftc-launches-inquiry-ai-chatbots-acting-companions. Indagine regolatoria, non risultato clinico.
Miao, Fengchun, and Wayne Holmes. 2023. Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386693. Orientamenti istituzionali. Pagina della pubblicazione: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/guidance-generative-ai-education-and-research.
Gmyrek, Paweł, Janine Berg, Karol Kamiński, Filip Konopczyński, Agnieszka Ładna, Balint Nafradi, Konrad Rosłaniec, and Marek Troszyński. 2025. Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure. ILO Working Paper 140. https://doi.org/10.54394/HETP0387. Rapporto di ricerca istituzionale.
Öhman, Carl, and Luciano Floridi. 2018. “An Ethical Framework for the Digital Afterlife Industry.” Nature Human Behaviour 2: 318–320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0335-2. Articolo scientifico.
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2025. Technology and Innovation Report 2025: Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development. United Nations. https://unctad.org/publication/technology-and-innovation-report-2025. Rapporto ONU.
Autor, David H. 2015. “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29 (3): 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.3. Analisi economica sottoposta a revisione paritaria, non previsione per il 2050.
Bastani, Hamsa, Osbert Bastani, Alp Sungu, Haosen Ge, Özge Kabakcı, and Rei Mariman. 2025. “Generative AI without Guardrails Can Harm Learning: Evidence from High School Mathematics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (26): e2422633122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422633122. Studio educativo randomizzato sottoposto a revisione paritaria; i risultati sono specifici del contesto e degli strumenti provati.
Brady, William J., Julian A. Wills, John T. Jost, Joshua A. Tucker, and Jay J. Van Bavel. 2017. “Emotion Shapes the Diffusion of Moralized Content in Social Networks.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (28): 7313–7318. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618923114. Studio osservazionale sottoposto a revisione paritaria; l’associazione non dimostra che l’algoritmo di una piattaforma sia la causa.
Brynjolfsson, Erik, Danielle Li, and Lindsey Raymond. 2025. “Generative AI at Work.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 140 (2): 889–942. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae044. Studio sul luogo di lavoro sottoposto a revisione paritaria; non evidenza di effetti sull’intera economia.
De Freitas, Julian, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, and Stefano Puntoni. 2026. “AI Companions Reduce Loneliness.” Journal of Consumer Research 52 (6): 1126–1148. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaf040. Studio sulla riduzione della solitudine a breve termine sottoposto a revisione paritaria; non evidenza di un beneficio clinico duraturo.
Doshi, Anil R., and Oliver P. Hauser. 2024. “Generative AI Enhances Individual Creativity but Reduces the Collective Diversity of Novel Content.” Science Advances 10 (28): eadn5290. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn5290. Esperimento randomizzato di scrittura creativa sottoposto a revisione paritaria; i risultati sono specifici del suo disegno sperimentale.
Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Kara, Alison Darcy, and Molly Vierhile. 2017. “Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults with Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial.” JMIR Mental Health 4 (2): e19. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.7785. Studio controllato randomizzato su un chatbot strutturato, sottoposto a revisione paritaria; non su un compagno generativo a conversazione aperta.
Hollanek, Tomasz, and Katarzyna Nowaczyk-Basińska. 2024. “Griefbots, Deadbots, Postmortem Avatars: On Responsible Applications of Generative AI in the Digital Afterlife Industry.” Philosophy & Technology 37: 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-024-00744-w. Analisi etica sottoposta a revisione paritaria che usa il design speculativo, non studio sugli esiti clinici.
International Energy Agency (IEA). 2025a. Energy and AI. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai. Rapporto istituzionale.
Shehabi, Arman, Sarah Josephine Smith, Alex Hubbard, Alexander Newkirk, Nuoa Lei, Md AbuBakar Siddik, Billie Holecek, Jonathan G. Koomey, Eric R. Masanet, and Dale A. Sartor. 2024. 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.71468/P1WC7Q. Rapporto tecnico ufficiale. DOI 10.71468/P1WC7Q. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2019. “Water-Use Terminology.” February 27, 2019. https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology. Pagina ufficiale. Accesso: 2026-07-15. Definizioni operative di prelievo e uso con consumo idrico.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2006a. Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment, Principles and Framework. ISO 14040:2006. https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2006b. Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment, Requirements and Guidelines. ISO 14044:2006. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html. Edizioni attuali confermate nel 2022. Norme metodologiche.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2026. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2026. Rapporto ufficiale.
International Energy Agency (IEA). 2025b. Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2025. Rapporto istituzionale.
Baldé, Cornelis P., Ruediger Kuehr, Tales Yamamoto, Rosie McDonald, Elena D’Angelo, Shahana Althaf, Garam Bel, et al. 2024. The Global E-Waste Monitor 2024. 2nd ed. International Telecommunication Union and United Nations Institute for Training and Research. https://ewastemonitor.info/the-global-e-waste-monitor-2024/. Rapporto ONU. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://www.itu.int/hub/publication/d-gen-e_waste-01-2024/.
Starcloud. n.d. “Starcloud-1.” https://www.starcloud.com/starcloud-1. Pagina aziendale sulle proprie attività; afferma che il satellite è stato lanciato nel 2025-11, senza dimostrare scala o sostenibilità commerciale. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
Axiom Space. n.d. “Orbital Data Centers.” https://www.axiomspace.com/orbital-data-center. Pagina aziendale sulle proprie attività; afferma che i primi due nodi dedicati sono stati lanciati in orbita terrestre bassa il 2026-01-11. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
Beals, Travis. 2025. “Exploring a Space-Based, Scalable AI Infrastructure System Design.” November 4, 2025. Google Research. https://research.google/blog/exploring-a-space-based-scalable-ai-infrastructure-system-design/. Annuncio aziendale di Project Suncatcher; i due satelliti prototipo previsti per l’inizio del 2027 restano un progetto annunciato, non un lancio completato. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
European Commission, CORDIS. 2026. “Advanced Space Cloud for European Net Zero Emissions and Data Sovereignty (ASCEND), Grant Agreement 101082517: Periodic Reporting.” January 14, 2026. https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101082517/reporting. Scheda e rapporto istituzionali di fattibilità; non fonte tecnica indipendente. DOI del progetto 10.3030/101082517. Accesso: 2026-07-17. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101082517.
Turyshev, Slava G. 2026. Orbital Data Centers: Spacecraft Constraints and Economic Viability. Preprint, arXiv:2604.27197v1, April 29, 2026. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.27197. Preprint tecnico indipendente, arXiv:2604.27197. DOI 10.48550/arXiv.2604.27197. Accesso: 2026-07-17. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.27197.
Al Ahmad, Mahmoud, Qurban Memon, and Michael Pecht. 2026. “Reliability and Risk in Space-Based Data Centers: A Lifecycle Assessment of Orbital Cloud Infrastructure.” Applied Sciences 16 (11): 5247. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115247. Articolo tecnico indipendente sottoposto a revisione paritaria. DOI 10.3390/app16115247. Accesso: 2026-07-17. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/11/5247.
Wilson, Andrew R., Massimiliano Vasile, Christie Maddock, and Keith Baker. 2023. “Implementing Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment for Improved Space Mission Design.” Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 19 (4): 1002–1022. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4722. Articolo tecnico indipendente sottoposto a revisione paritaria. DOI 10.1002/ieam.4722. Accesso: 2026-07-17. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ieam.4722.
Murphy, Daniel M., Maya Abou-Ghanem, Daniel J. Cziczo, Karl D. Froyd, Justin Jacquot, Michael J. Lawler, Christopher Maloney, et al. 2023. “Metals from Spacecraft Reentry in Stratospheric Aerosol Particles.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (43): e2313374120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2313374120. Articolo scientifico indipendente sottoposto a revisione paritaria; copia nel repository istituzionale NOAA. DOI 10.1073/pnas.2313374120. Accesso: 2026-07-17. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/58476.
Kenya Ports Authority. n.d. “Port of Mombasa.” https://kpa.co.ke/Ports/PortOfMombasa. Pagina istituzionale sui collegamenti multimodali del porto con il suo retroterra. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority (NCTTCA). n.d.-b. “Who We Are.” https://www.ttcanc.org/about-us/who-we-are/. Pagina istituzionale sul Corridoio Nord fra il porto di Mombasa e i paesi senza sbocco sul mare della regione dei Grandi Laghi. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), CHIPS for America. 2023b. Vision for Success: Facilities for Semiconductor Materials and Manufacturing Equipment. June 23, 2023. https://www.nist.gov/document/vision-success-facilities-semiconductor-materials-and-manufacturing-equipment. Documentazione ufficiale.
U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). 2022. Semiconductor Supply Chain: Policy Considerations from Selected Experts for Reducing Risks and Mitigating Shortages. July 26, 2022. GAO-22-105923. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105923. Rapporto ufficiale.
European Commission. n.d.-d. “European Chips Act.” https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act. Pagina istituzionale sul quadro vigente; non atto legislativo. Accesso: 2026.
European Commission. 2026c. “Proposal for the Chips Act 2.0.” June 3, 2026. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/proposal-chips-act-20. Proposta legislativa, non legge già approvata.
U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). 2026c. “Revision to License Review Policy for Advanced Computing Commodities.” Final rule. Federal Register 91 (January 15, 2026): 1684. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/15/2026-00789/revision-to-license-review-policy-for-advanced-computing-commodities. Norma definitiva ufficiale; l’applicabilità dipende dalla transazione e dalle EAR in vigore. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), in partnership with the International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC). 2026. International Advisory Body on Submarine Cable Resilience: Report of the Working Groups 2026. ISBN 978-92-61-40561-8. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/iab/S-IAB-WG-2026-PDF-E.pdf. Rapporto istituzionale definitivo. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://www.itu.int/hub/publication/s-iab-wg-2026/.
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA). 2025. Cloud Services Market Investigation: Summary of Final Decision. July 31, 2025. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/688b20e6ff8c05468cb7b120/summary_of_final_decision.pdf. Decisione regolatoria definitiva sul mercato britannico delle infrastrutture di cloud pubblico.
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). 2025. ENISA Threat Landscape 2025. Version 1.2, updated January 9, 2026. https://doi.org/10.2824/1946374. Rapporto ufficiale. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/enisa-threat-landscape-2025.
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). 2026. ENISA’s View on Cybersecurity in the Frontier AI Era. July 7, 2026. https://doi.org/10.2824/9549088. Rapporto ufficiale con raccomandazioni iniziali per le capacità operative contro minacce alla velocità delle macchine; non sostituisce il Threat Landscape annuale. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/enisas-view-on-cybersecurity-in-the-frontier-ai-era.
United Nations General Assembly. 2021. Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security: Note by the Secretary-General. March 18, 2021. A/75/816, Annex I, Final Substantive Report of the Open-ended Working Group. https://docs.un.org/en/A/75/816. Rapporto ufficiale ONU. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3908015.
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA). 2026a. Actions on Cloud and Business Software through the UK Digital Markets Competition Regime. March 31, 2026. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/69cbb8d52d120d9d5ec0f311/Actions_on_cloud_and_business_software_through_the_UK_digital_markets_competition_regime.pdf. Documento ufficiale di politica regolatoria, distinto dalla decisione definitiva del 2025 e dall’avvio dell’indagine SMS.
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA). 2026b. Microsoft’s Business Software Ecosystem. May 14, 2026. SMS investigation launch. https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/microsofts-business-software-ecosystem. Avvio di un’indagine regolatoria, non designazione SMS.
Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority (NCTTCA). n.d.-a. “Port of Mombasa.” https://www.ttcanc.org/corridor-infrastructure/port-of-mombasa/. Contesto geografico istituzionale; non evidenza a sostegno delle quantità dello scenario di finzione.
U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). 2026a. “Extension of Authorized Integrated Circuit (IC) Designer Status and Application Deadline to Become an Approved IC Designer.” Final rule, effective April 7, 2026. Federal Register 91 (April 9, 2026): 17851–17852. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-04-09/html/2026-06851.htm. Norma definitiva; determinate scadenze relative allo status di progettista e alle domande sono previste per il 2026-12-31.
U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). 2026b. Guidance Regarding Enforcement of License Requirements for Advanced Computing Items for Entities Headquartered in Country Group D:5 and Macau. May 31, 2026. https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/bis-guidance-may-31-2026.pdf. Orientamenti ufficiali sull’applicazione che chiariscono controlli preesistenti; distinti dalle norme di gennaio e aprile.
Chesney, Bobby, and Danielle Citron. 2019. “Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security.” California Law Review 107 (6): 1753–1819. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15J. Fonte primaria per il concetto di «dividendo del bugiardo».
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2024c. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union L, 2024/1689 (July 12, 2024). As amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744. CELEX 32024R1689. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689. Norma in vigore; applicazione progressiva. CELEX 32024R1689; ELI reg/2024/1689/oj. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng.
European Commission. n.d.-b. “Article 50: Transparency Obligations for Providers and Deployers of Certain AI Systems.” AI Act Service Desk. Explanatory service reproducing the AI Act; read with Regulation (EU) 2026/1744. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-50. Servizio ufficiale relativo all’articolo 50 del regolamento (UE) 2024/1689. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
European Commission. n.d.-c. “Article 53: Obligations for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models.” AI Act Service Desk. Explanatory service reproducing Article 53 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-53. Servizio ufficiale relativo all’articolo 53 del regolamento (UE) 2024/1689. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, and Repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union L 119 (May 4, 2016): 1–88. CELEX 32016R0679. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng. Norma in vigore. CELEX 32016R0679; ELI reg/2016/679/oj.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party (Article 29 Working Party). 2018. Guidelines on Automated Individual Decision-Making and Profiling for the Purposes of Regulation 2016/679. WP251 rev.01. Endorsed by the European Data Protection Board on May 25, 2018. https://www.edpb.europa.eu/documents/guideline/automated-decision-making-and-profiling_en. Orientamenti interpretativi ufficiali; non legislazione.
Court of Justice of the European Union. 2023. OQ v. Land Hessen (SCHUFA Holding). Case C-634/21, ECLI:EU:C:2023:957, December 7, 2023. CELEX 62021CJ0634. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62021CJ0634. Giurisprudenza vincolante nell’interpretazione del diritto dell’UE. ECLI:EU:C:2023:957. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://infocuria.curia.europa.eu/tabs/redirect/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=280426&doclang=en.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2024b. Regulation (EU) 2024/1183 of 11 April 2024 amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing the European Digital Identity Framework. Official Journal of the European Union L, 2024/1183 (April 30, 2024). CELEX 32024R1183. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32024R1183. Norma in vigore. CELEX 32024R1183; ELI reg/2024/1183/oj. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1183/oj/eng.
European Commission. 2026b. The European Digital Identity Wallet Architecture and Reference Framework. Version 3.0.0. Technical specification and release notes, July 23, 2026. EU Digital Identity Wallet official repository. Version 3.0.0 superseded version 2.9.0 of May 21, 2026. https://github.com/eu-digital-identity-wallet/eudi-doc-architecture-and-reference-framework/releases/tag/v3.0.0. Specifica tecnica e note di rilascio, che sostituiscono la versione 2.9.0 del 2026-05-21.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2022. Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market for Digital Services (Digital Services Act). Official Journal of the European Union L 277 (October 27, 2022): 1–102. CELEX 32022R2065. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022R2065. Norma in vigore. CELEX 32022R2065; ELI reg/2022/2065/oj. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj/eng.
European Commission. n.d.-a. “Article 5: Prohibited AI Practices.” AI Act Service Desk. Explanatory service reproducing the AI Act; read with Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 and its phased application dates. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-5. Servizio ufficiale relativo all’articolo 5 del regolamento (UE) 2024/1689. Accesso: 2026-07-14.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2024a. Directive (EU) 2024/2831 of 23 October 2024 on improving working conditions in platform work. Official Journal of the European Union L, 2024/2831 (November 11, 2024). Article 29(1) sets a December 2, 2026 transposition deadline. CELEX 32024L2831. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024L2831. Diritto dell’UE che richiede recepimento; ambito settoriale specifico. CELEX 32024L2831; ELI dir/2024/2831/oj. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2831/oj/eng.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2019. Directive (EU) 2019/790 of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market. Official Journal of the European Union L 130 (May 17, 2019): 92–125. CELEX 32019L0790. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj/eng. Diritto dell’UE recepito con differenze nazionali. CELEX 32019L0790; ELI dir/2019/790/oj.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2017a. Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of 5 April 2017 on medical devices. Official Journal of the European Union L 117 (May 5, 2017): 1–175. As amended. CELEX 32017R0745. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj. Norma in vigore. CELEX 32017R0745; ELI reg/2017/745/oj. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj/eng.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2017b. Regulation (EU) 2017/746 of 5 April 2017 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices. Official Journal of the European Union L 117 (May 5, 2017): 176–332. As amended. CELEX 32017R0746. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32017R0746. Norma in vigore. CELEX 32017R0746; ELI reg/2017/746/oj. Collegamenti aggiuntivi delle risorse: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/746/oj/eng.
European Data Protection Board (EDPB). 2023. Guidelines 05/2022 on the Use of Facial Recognition Technology in the Area of Law Enforcement. Version 2.0, April 26, 2023. https://www.edpb.europa.eu/system/files/2023-05/edpb_guidelines_202304_frtlawenforcement_v2_en.pdf. Orientamenti interpretativi ufficiali, non legislazione.
Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (Garante). n.d. “Eredità digitale [Digital inheritance].” Institutional guidance reproducing Article 2-terdecies of Legislative Decree No. 196/2003, paragraphs 1–5. https://www.garanteprivacy.it/temi/internet-e-nuove-tecnologie/eredita-digitale. Orientamenti istituzionali; base giuridica: decreto legislativo 196/2003, articolo 2-terdecies. Accesso: 2026-07-14.
European Commission. 2026a. Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content. Final code published June 10, 2026; Commission Opinion dated July 8, 2026; AI Board adequacy assessment dated July 9, 2026. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/commission-opinion-assessment-code-practice-transparency-ai-generated-content; https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-publishes-code-practice-marking-and-labelling-ai-generated-content. Strumento volontario per attuare l’articolo 50 dell’AI Act; l’adesione non costituisce prova conclusiva di conformità.
European Commission. 2025. “General-Purpose AI Code of Practice Now Available.” July 10, 2025. Publication announcement for the final voluntary code supporting compliance with the AI Act. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/general-purpose-ai-code-practice-now-available. Strumento volontario a sostegno della conformità; gli obblighi GPAI si applicano dal 2025-08-02, con applicazione dei poteri della Commissione di far rispettare le norme prevista dal 2026-08-02 e adeguamento dei modelli GPAI preesistenti previsto entro il 2027-08-02. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2026. Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 of 8 July 2026 amending Regulations (EU) 2024/1689, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2023/1230 as regards the simplification of the implementation of harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Digital Omnibus on AI). Official Journal of the European Union L, 2026/1744 (July 24, 2026). Entered into force July 27, 2026. CELEX 32026R1744. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32026R1744. Norma in vigore dal 2026-07-27; le singole disposizioni hanno applicazione progressiva.
European Commission. 2026. “European Digital Identity Wallet Implementation.” Updated June 22, 2026. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eudi-wallet-implementation. Contesto istituzionale di attuazione; conservato separatamente dalla specifica tecnica versione 3.0.0. Accesso: 2026-07-17.
Government of Canada. 2019. Directive on Automated Decision-Making. As amended. https://www.tbs-sct.canada.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?id=32592. Direttiva di politica governativa; comprende la valutazione d’impatto algoritmico.