Turing, Alan M. 1950. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 59 (236): 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. Primärquelle.
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Turing, Alan M. 1950. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 59 (236): 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433. Primärquelle.
McCarthy, John, Marvin L. Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude E. Shannon. 2006. “A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955.” AI Magazine 27 (4): 12–14. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v27i4.1904. Ursprünglicher Vorschlag vom 31. August 1955; Auszug 2006 erneut veröffentlicht. Historische Primärquelle; das Buch zitiert den Nachdruck von 2006. Archiv des ursprünglichen Vorschlags: https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth/dartmouth.pdf.
Rosenblatt, Frank. 1958. “The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain.” Psychological Review 65 (6): 386–408. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042519. Primärquelle.
Minsky, Marvin, and Seymour A. Papert. 1987. Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry. Expanded ed. MIT Press. First published 1969. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262631112/perceptrons/. Primärquelle; die Verlagsseite verweist auf die erweiterte Ausgabe.
Rumelhart, David E., Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Ronald J. Williams. 1986. “Learning Representations by Back-Propagating Errors.” Nature 323 (6088): 533–536. https://doi.org/10.1038/323533a0. Primärquelle.
IBM. n.d. “Deep Blue.” https://www.ibm.com/history/deep-blue. Offizielles Unternehmensarchiv. Abgerufen: 2026. Historischer Meilenstein: 1997.
Krizhevsky, Alex, Ilya Sutskever, and Geoffrey E. Hinton. 2012. “ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25. https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2012/hash/c399862d3b9d6b76c8436e924a68c45b-Abstract.html. Primärquelle. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks.
Vaswani, Ashish, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017. “Attention Is All You Need.” Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30. https://papers.nips.cc/paper_files/paper/2017/hash/3f5ee243547dee91fbd053c1c4a845aa-Abstract.html. Primärquelle. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762.
Weizenbaum, Joseph. 1966. “ELIZA, a Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication between Man and Machine.” Communications of the ACM 9 (1): 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168. Primärquelle.
OpenAI. 2022. “Introducing ChatGPT.” November 30, 2022. https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/. Offizielle Unternehmensankündigung.
DARPA. n.d. “ARPANET.” https://www.darpa.mil/news/features/arpanet. Offizielles institutionelles Archiv. Abgerufen: 2026. Historischer Meilenstein: 1969.
Internet Society. 2013. “New Year’s Day Marks 30th Anniversary of Major Milestone for Global Internet.” January 1, 2013. https://www.internetsociety.org/news/press-releases/2013/new-years-day-marks-30th-anniversary-of-major-milestone-for-global-internet/. Institutionelle Dokumentation.
CERN. n.d. “A Short History of the Web.” https://home.cern/science/computing/the-birth-of-the-web/short-history-web/. Offizielles institutionelles Archiv. Abgerufen: 2026.
CERN. 2013. “The Open Internet and the Web.” April 30, 2013. https://home.cern/open-internet-and-web/. Offizielle Dokumentation.
Howe, Jim. 2007. “Artificial Intelligence at Edinburgh University: A Perspective.” June 2007. School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh. https://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/about/AIhistory.html. Institutionelle historische Darstellung.
McDermott, Drew, M. Mitchell Waldrop, B. Chandrasekaran, John McDermott, and Roger Schank. 1985. “The Dark Ages of AI: A Panel Discussion at AAAI-84.” AI Magazine 6 (3): 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1609/aimag.v6i3.494. Historische Primärquelle, eine veröffentlichte Podiumsdiskussion.
Turpin, Miles, Julian Michael, Ethan Perez, and Samuel R. Bowman. 2023. “Language Models Don’t Always Say What They Think: Unfaithful Explanations in Chain-of-Thought Prompting.” NeurIPS 2023 conference paper, author manuscript, arXiv:2305.04388v2. https://arxiv.org/abs/2305.04388v2. Wissenschaftlicher Konferenzbeitrag und Autorenmanuskript; die Ergebnisse betreffen die geprüften Modelle und Prompts.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Verifiable Credentials Working Group. 2025c. Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0. W3C Recommendation, May 15, 2025. https://www.w3.org/TR/2025/REC-vc-data-model-2.0-20250515/. W3C Recommendation. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model-2.0/.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Verifiable Credentials Working Group. 2025b. Verifiable Credential Data Integrity 1.0. W3C Recommendation, May 15, 2025. https://www.w3.org/TR/2025/REC-vc-data-integrity-20250515/. W3C Recommendation. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-integrity/.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), Verifiable Credentials Working Group. 2025a. Securing Verifiable Credentials Using JOSE and COSE. W3C Recommendation, May 15, 2025. https://www.w3.org/TR/2025/REC-vc-jose-cose-20250515/. W3C Recommendation. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-jose-cose/.
OpenID Foundation, Digital Credentials Protocols Working Group. 2025a. OpenID for Verifiable Credential Issuance 1.0. Final specification, September 16, 2025. https://openid.net/specs/openid-4-verifiable-credential-issuance-1_0.html. Endgültige Spezifikation.
OpenID Foundation, Digital Credentials Protocols Working Group. 2025b. OpenID for Verifiable Presentations 1.0. Final specification, July 9, 2025. https://openid.net/specs/openid-4-verifiable-presentations-1_0.html. Endgültige Spezifikation.
Temoshok, David, Diana Proud-Madruga, Yee-Yin Choong, Ryan Galluzzo, Sarbari Gupta, Connie LaSalle, Naomi Lefkovitz, and Andrew Regenscheid. 2025. Digital Identity Guidelines. NIST Special Publication 800-63-4. National Institute of Standards and Technology. July 2025. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63-4. Endgültiger technischer Standard.
Yaga, Dylan, Peter Mell, Nik Roby, and Karen Scarfone. 2018. Blockchain Technology Overview. NIST Interagency/Internal Report 8202. National Institute of Standards and Technology. October 2018. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8202. Offizieller technischer Bericht.
Burrell, Jenna. 2016. “How the Machine ‘Thinks’: Understanding Opacity in Machine Learning Algorithms.” Big Data & Society 3 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951715622512. Peer-reviewte soziotechnische Analyse algorithmischer Intransparenz.
Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA). n.d. C2PA and Content Credentials Explainer. Version 2.2. https://spec.c2pa.org/specifications/specifications/2.2/explainer/Explainer.html. Technische Erläuterung, Version 2.2; eine Herkunftsprüfung ist kein Wahrheitsurteil.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 2023a. Artificial Intelligence Risk Management Framework (AI RMF 1.0). January 2023. NIST AI 100-1. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.AI.100-1. Offizieller freiwilliger Rahmen für Risikomanagement; er validiert oder befürwortet den 2050-Test des Autors nicht.
Parasuraman, Raja, and Victor Riley. 1997. “Humans and Automation: Use, Misuse, Disuse, Abuse.” Human Factors 39 (2): 230–253. https://doi.org/10.1518/001872097778543886. Peer-reviewte Analyse menschlicher Faktoren bei Nutzung und Fehlgebrauch von Automatisierung.
Schwartz, Reva, Apostol Vassilev, Kristen Greene, Lori Perine, Andrew Burt, and Patrick Hall. 2022. Towards a Standard for Identifying and Managing Bias in Artificial Intelligence. NIST Special Publication 1270. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Corrected March 24, 2022. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1270. Offizieller technischer Bericht über systemische, statistische und menschliche Ursachen von Verzerrungen.
International Organization for Standardization and International Electrotechnical Commission. 2023. Information Technology: Artificial Intelligence, Management System. ISO/IEC 42001:2023. https://www.iso.org/standard/42001. Internationale Managementsystemnorm.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2021. Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: WHO Guidance. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240029200. Institutionelle Leitlinie.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2023. Regulatory Considerations on Artificial Intelligence for Health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240078871. Institutioneller Überblick über regulatorische Erwägungen; ausdrücklich weder Leitlinie noch Regulierungsrahmen oder Politik.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2024. Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence for Health: Guidance on Large Multi-Modal Models. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240084759. WHO-Ausgabe und bibliografische Zitierung: 2024; aktuelle institutionelle Seite vom 2025-03-25. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://www.who.int/publications/b/70584.
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Europe. 2026. Artificial Intelligence Is Reshaping Health Systems: State of Readiness across the European Union. WHO/EURO:2026-12707-52481-81471. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12707-52481-81471. Institutioneller Bericht zur Vorbereitung der Gesundheitssysteme in den 27 EU-Mitgliedstaaten; kein klinischer Wirksamkeitsnachweis. WHO/EURO:2026-12707-52481-81471.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2026. Artificial Intelligence and Evidence-Informed Policy: Emerging Challenges and Opportunities: Discussion Paper. B09667. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/B09667. Institutionelles technisches Papier; fordert Aufsicht, Folgenabschätzungen und menschliches Urteil.
Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG). 2025. Guidance on Qualification and Classification of Software in Regulation (EU) 2017/745, MDR, and Regulation (EU) 2017/746, IVDR. June 17, 2025. MDCG 2019-11 rev.1. https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b45335c5-1679-4c71-a91c-fc7a4d37f12b_en. Offizielle Leitlinie der Europäischen Kommission, kein Rechtsakt.
Artificial Intelligence Board (AIB) and Medical Device Coordination Group (MDCG). 2025. Interplay between the Medical Devices Regulation, the In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Act. AIB 2025-1; MDCG 2025-6. https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b78a17d7-e3cd-4943-851d-e02a2f22bbb4_en. Offizielle gemeinsame Leitlinie, kein Rechtsakt.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2025b. “Mental Health of Adolescents.” September 1, 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health. Institutionelles Informationsblatt.
World Health Organization (WHO). 2025a. From Loneliness to Social Connection: Charting a Path to Healthier Societies. Report of the WHO Commission on Social Connection. https://www.who.int/groups/commission-on-social-connection/report. Institutioneller Bericht.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), Innocenti. 2025. Guidance on AI and Children. Version 3.0. https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/reports/policy-guidance-ai-children. Institutionelle Leitlinie auf der Grundlage von Kinderrechten.
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). 2026. When AI Becomes a Friend: Child Rights Risks, Harms, and Regulatory Responses to AI Chatbots and Companions. June 2026. Policy brief. https://www.unicef.org/documents/when-ai-becomes-friend-child-rights-risks. Kurzdossier zur Politik; Regulierungsüberblick aktualisiert bis 2026-05-15, kein klinischer Nachweis.
U.S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC). 2025. “FTC Launches Inquiry into AI Chatbots Acting as Companions.” September 2025. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/09/ftc-launches-inquiry-ai-chatbots-acting-companions. Regulatorische Untersuchung, kein klinischer Befund.
Miao, Fengchun, and Wayne Holmes. 2023. Guidance for Generative AI in Education and Research. UNESCO. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000386693. Institutionelle Leitlinie. Veröffentlichungsseite: https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/guidance-generative-ai-education-and-research.
Gmyrek, Paweł, Janine Berg, Karol Kamiński, Filip Konopczyński, Agnieszka Ładna, Balint Nafradi, Konrad Rosłaniec, and Marek Troszyński. 2025. Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure. ILO Working Paper 140. https://doi.org/10.54394/HETP0387. Institutioneller Forschungsbericht.
Öhman, Carl, and Luciano Floridi. 2018. “An Ethical Framework for the Digital Afterlife Industry.” Nature Human Behaviour 2: 318–320. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0335-2. Wissenschaftlicher Artikel.
UN Trade and Development (UNCTAD). 2025. Technology and Innovation Report 2025: Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development. United Nations. https://unctad.org/publication/technology-and-innovation-report-2025. UN-Bericht.
Autor, David H. 2015. “Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 29 (3): 3–30. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.29.3.3. Peer-reviewte wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Analyse, keine Prognose für 2050.
Bastani, Hamsa, Osbert Bastani, Alp Sungu, Haosen Ge, Özge Kabakcı, and Rei Mariman. 2025. “Generative AI without Guardrails Can Harm Learning: Evidence from High School Mathematics.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (26): e2422633122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2422633122. Peer-reviewte randomisierte Bildungsstudie; die Ergebnisse gelten für das geprüfte Umfeld und die geprüften Werkzeuge.
Brady, William J., Julian A. Wills, John T. Jost, Joshua A. Tucker, and Jay J. Van Bavel. 2017. “Emotion Shapes the Diffusion of Moralized Content in Social Networks.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (28): 7313–7318. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618923114. Peer-reviewte Beobachtungsstudie; ein Zusammenhang belegt nicht, dass ein Plattformalgorithmus die Ursache ist.
Brynjolfsson, Erik, Danielle Li, and Lindsey Raymond. 2025. “Generative AI at Work.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 140 (2): 889–942. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjae044. Peer-reviewte Arbeitsplatzstudie; kein Nachweis gesamtwirtschaftlicher Auswirkungen.
De Freitas, Julian, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, and Stefano Puntoni. 2026. “AI Companions Reduce Loneliness.” Journal of Consumer Research 52 (6): 1126–1148. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucaf040. Peer-reviewte Studie zur kurzfristigen Linderung von Einsamkeit; kein Nachweis dauerhaften klinischen Nutzens.
Doshi, Anil R., and Oliver P. Hauser. 2024. “Generative AI Enhances Individual Creativity but Reduces the Collective Diversity of Novel Content.” Science Advances 10 (28): eadn5290. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adn5290. Peer-reviewtes randomisiertes Experiment zum kreativen Schreiben; die Ergebnisse gelten für dessen Versuchsaufbau.
Fitzpatrick, Kathleen Kara, Alison Darcy, and Molly Vierhile. 2017. “Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults with Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial.” JMIR Mental Health 4 (2): e19. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.7785. Peer-reviewte randomisierte kontrollierte Studie zu einem strukturierten Chatbot; kein frei interagierender generativer Begleiter.
Hollanek, Tomasz, and Katarzyna Nowaczyk-Basińska. 2024. “Griefbots, Deadbots, Postmortem Avatars: On Responsible Applications of Generative AI in the Digital Afterlife Industry.” Philosophy & Technology 37: 63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-024-00744-w. Peer-reviewte ethische Analyse unter Einsatz spekulativen Designs, keine Studie zu klinischen Ergebnissen.
International Energy Agency (IEA). 2025a. Energy and AI. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai. Institutioneller Bericht.
Shehabi, Arman, Sarah Josephine Smith, Alex Hubbard, Alexander Newkirk, Nuoa Lei, Md AbuBakar Siddik, Billie Holecek, Jonathan G. Koomey, Eric R. Masanet, and Dale A. Sartor. 2024. 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.71468/P1WC7Q. Offizieller technischer Bericht. DOI 10.71468/P1WC7Q. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2019. “Water-Use Terminology.” February 27, 2019. https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology. Offizielle Seite. Abgerufen: 2026-07-15. Arbeitsdefinitionen von Wasserentnahme und Wasserverbrauch.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2006a. Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment, Principles and Framework. ISO 14040:2006. https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html. International Organization for Standardization (ISO). 2006b. Environmental Management: Life Cycle Assessment, Requirements and Guidelines. ISO 14044:2006. https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html. Aktuelle Ausgaben 2022 bestätigt. Methodische Standards.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2026. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2026. Offizieller Bericht.
International Energy Agency (IEA). 2025b. Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2025. Institutioneller Bericht.
Baldé, Cornelis P., Ruediger Kuehr, Tales Yamamoto, Rosie McDonald, Elena D’Angelo, Shahana Althaf, Garam Bel, et al. 2024. The Global E-Waste Monitor 2024. 2nd ed. International Telecommunication Union and United Nations Institute for Training and Research. https://ewastemonitor.info/the-global-e-waste-monitor-2024/. UN-Bericht. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://www.itu.int/hub/publication/d-gen-e_waste-01-2024/.
Starcloud. n.d. “Starcloud-1.” https://www.starcloud.com/starcloud-1. Unternehmensseite über die eigene Tätigkeit; sie gibt an, der Satellit sei 2025-11 gestartet worden, ohne Größenordnung oder kommerzielle Machbarkeit zu belegen. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
Axiom Space. n.d. “Orbital Data Centers.” https://www.axiomspace.com/orbital-data-center. Unternehmensseite über die eigene Tätigkeit; sie gibt an, die ersten beiden dedizierten Knoten seien am 2026-01-11 in eine niedrige Erdumlaufbahn gestartet worden. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
Beals, Travis. 2025. “Exploring a Space-Based, Scalable AI Infrastructure System Design.” November 4, 2025. Google Research. https://research.google/blog/exploring-a-space-based-scalable-ai-infrastructure-system-design/. Unternehmensankündigung zu Project Suncatcher; bei den beiden für Anfang 2027 vorgesehenen Prototypsatelliten handelt es sich weiterhin um ein angekündigtes Vorhaben, nicht um einen bereits erfolgten Start. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
European Commission, CORDIS. 2026. “Advanced Space Cloud for European Net Zero Emissions and Data Sovereignty (ASCEND), Grant Agreement 101082517: Periodic Reporting.” January 14, 2026. https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101082517/reporting. Institutionelles Informationsblatt und institutioneller Bericht zur Machbarkeit; keine unabhängige technische Quelle. Projekt-DOI 10.3030/101082517. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101082517.
Turyshev, Slava G. 2026. Orbital Data Centers: Spacecraft Constraints and Economic Viability. Preprint, arXiv:2604.27197v1, April 29, 2026. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.27197. Unabhängiger technischer Preprint, arXiv:2604.27197. DOI 10.48550/arXiv.2604.27197. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.27197.
Al Ahmad, Mahmoud, Qurban Memon, and Michael Pecht. 2026. “Reliability and Risk in Space-Based Data Centers: A Lifecycle Assessment of Orbital Cloud Infrastructure.” Applied Sciences 16 (11): 5247. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115247. Unabhängiger, peer-reviewter technischer Fachartikel. DOI 10.3390/app16115247. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/11/5247.
Wilson, Andrew R., Massimiliano Vasile, Christie Maddock, and Keith Baker. 2023. “Implementing Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment for Improved Space Mission Design.” Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 19 (4): 1002–1022. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4722. Unabhängiger, peer-reviewter technischer Fachartikel. DOI 10.1002/ieam.4722. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ieam.4722.
Murphy, Daniel M., Maya Abou-Ghanem, Daniel J. Cziczo, Karl D. Froyd, Justin Jacquot, Michael J. Lawler, Christopher Maloney, et al. 2023. “Metals from Spacecraft Reentry in Stratospheric Aerosol Particles.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (43): e2313374120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2313374120. Unabhängiger, peer-reviewter wissenschaftlicher Artikel; eine Kopie befindet sich im institutionellen NOAA-Repositorium. DOI 10.1073/pnas.2313374120. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/58476.
Kenya Ports Authority. n.d. “Port of Mombasa.” https://kpa.co.ke/Ports/PortOfMombasa. Institutionelle Seite zur multimodalen Anbindung des Hafens an sein Hinterland. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority (NCTTCA). n.d.-b. “Who We Are.” https://www.ttcanc.org/about-us/who-we-are/. Institutionelle Seite zum Nordkorridor zwischen dem Hafen von Mombasa und den Ländern ohne Meereszugang in der Region der Großen Seen. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), CHIPS for America. 2023b. Vision for Success: Facilities for Semiconductor Materials and Manufacturing Equipment. June 23, 2023. https://www.nist.gov/document/vision-success-facilities-semiconductor-materials-and-manufacturing-equipment. Offizielle Dokumentation.
U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO). 2022. Semiconductor Supply Chain: Policy Considerations from Selected Experts for Reducing Risks and Mitigating Shortages. July 26, 2022. GAO-22-105923. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105923. Offizieller Bericht.
European Commission. n.d.-d. “European Chips Act.” https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act. Institutionelle Seite zum aktuellen Rahmen; kein Rechtsakt. Abgerufen: 2026.
European Commission. 2026c. “Proposal for the Chips Act 2.0.” June 3, 2026. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/proposal-chips-act-20. Gesetzgebungsvorschlag, kein bereits verabschiedetes Recht.
U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). 2026c. “Revision to License Review Policy for Advanced Computing Commodities.” Final rule. Federal Register 91 (January 15, 2026): 1684. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/15/2026-00789/revision-to-license-review-policy-for-advanced-computing-commodities. Offizielle endgültige Regelung; die Anwendbarkeit hängt von der Transaktion und den geltenden EAR ab. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
International Telecommunication Union (ITU), in partnership with the International Cable Protection Committee (ICPC). 2026. International Advisory Body on Submarine Cable Resilience: Report of the Working Groups 2026. ISBN 978-92-61-40561-8. https://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/opb/iab/S-IAB-WG-2026-PDF-E.pdf. Institutioneller Abschlussbericht. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://www.itu.int/hub/publication/s-iab-wg-2026/.
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA). 2025. Cloud Services Market Investigation: Summary of Final Decision. July 31, 2025. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/688b20e6ff8c05468cb7b120/summary_of_final_decision.pdf. Endgültige Regulierungsentscheidung zum britischen Markt für öffentliche Cloud-Infrastruktur.
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). 2025. ENISA Threat Landscape 2025. Version 1.2, updated January 9, 2026. https://doi.org/10.2824/1946374. Offizieller Bericht. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/enisa-threat-landscape-2025.
European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA). 2026. ENISA’s View on Cybersecurity in the Frontier AI Era. July 7, 2026. https://doi.org/10.2824/9549088. Offizieller Bericht mit ersten Empfehlungen für operative Kapazitäten gegen Bedrohungen mit Maschinengeschwindigkeit; er ersetzt den jährlichen Threat Landscape nicht. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/enisas-view-on-cybersecurity-in-the-frontier-ai-era.
United Nations General Assembly. 2021. Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security: Note by the Secretary-General. March 18, 2021. A/75/816, Annex I, Final Substantive Report of the Open-ended Working Group. https://docs.un.org/en/A/75/816. Offizieller UN-Bericht. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3908015.
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA). 2026a. Actions on Cloud and Business Software through the UK Digital Markets Competition Regime. March 31, 2026. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/69cbb8d52d120d9d5ec0f311/Actions_on_cloud_and_business_software_through_the_UK_digital_markets_competition_regime.pdf. Offizielles regulatorisches Grundsatzdokument, zu unterscheiden von der endgültigen Entscheidung von 2025 und der Einleitung der SMS-Untersuchung.
Competition and Markets Authority (CMA). 2026b. Microsoft’s Business Software Ecosystem. May 14, 2026. SMS investigation launch. https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/microsofts-business-software-ecosystem. Einleitung einer Regulierungsuntersuchung, keine SMS-Einstufung.
Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority (NCTTCA). n.d.-a. “Port of Mombasa.” https://www.ttcanc.org/corridor-infrastructure/port-of-mombasa/. Institutioneller geografischer Kontext; kein Nachweis für die Mengenangaben des fiktiven Szenarios.
U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). 2026a. “Extension of Authorized Integrated Circuit (IC) Designer Status and Application Deadline to Become an Approved IC Designer.” Final rule, effective April 7, 2026. Federal Register 91 (April 9, 2026): 17851–17852. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2026-04-09/html/2026-06851.htm. Endgültige Regelung; bestimmte Fristen für Designerstatus und Anträge sind für 2026-12-31 vorgesehen.
U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS). 2026b. Guidance Regarding Enforcement of License Requirements for Advanced Computing Items for Entities Headquartered in Country Group D:5 and Macau. May 31, 2026. https://www.bis.gov/media/documents/bis-guidance-may-31-2026.pdf. Offizielle Durchsetzungsleitlinie zur Klarstellung bereits bestehender Kontrollen; zu unterscheiden von den Regelungen vom Januar und April.
Chesney, Bobby, and Danielle Citron. 2019. “Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security.” California Law Review 107 (6): 1753–1819. https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38RV0D15J. Primärquelle für das Konzept der „liar’s dividend“.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2024c. Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 of 13 June 2024 laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). Official Journal of the European Union L, 2024/1689 (July 12, 2024). As amended by Regulation (EU) 2026/1744. CELEX 32024R1689. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689. Geltendes Recht; schrittweise Anwendbarkeit. CELEX 32024R1689; ELI reg/2024/1689/oj. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng.
European Commission. n.d.-b. “Article 50: Transparency Obligations for Providers and Deployers of Certain AI Systems.” AI Act Service Desk. Explanatory service reproducing the AI Act; read with Regulation (EU) 2026/1744. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-50. Offizielles Informationsangebot zu Artikel 50 der Verordnung (EU) 2024/1689. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
European Commission. n.d.-c. “Article 53: Obligations for Providers of General-Purpose AI Models.” AI Act Service Desk. Explanatory service reproducing Article 53 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1689. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-53. Offizielles Informationsangebot zu Artikel 53 der Verordnung (EU) 2024/1689. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2016. Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of 27 April 2016 on the Protection of Natural Persons with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and on the Free Movement of Such Data, and Repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). Official Journal of the European Union L 119 (May 4, 2016): 1–88. CELEX 32016R0679. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng. Geltendes Recht. CELEX 32016R0679; ELI reg/2016/679/oj.
Article 29 Data Protection Working Party (Article 29 Working Party). 2018. Guidelines on Automated Individual Decision-Making and Profiling for the Purposes of Regulation 2016/679. WP251 rev.01. Endorsed by the European Data Protection Board on May 25, 2018. https://www.edpb.europa.eu/documents/guideline/automated-decision-making-and-profiling_en. Offizielle Auslegungshilfe; keine Rechtsvorschrift.
Court of Justice of the European Union. 2023. OQ v. Land Hessen (SCHUFA Holding). Case C-634/21, ECLI:EU:C:2023:957, December 7, 2023. CELEX 62021CJ0634. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:62021CJ0634. Verbindliche Rechtsprechung zur Auslegung des Unionsrechts. ECLI:EU:C:2023:957. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://infocuria.curia.europa.eu/tabs/redirect/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=280426&doclang=en.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2024b. Regulation (EU) 2024/1183 of 11 April 2024 amending Regulation (EU) No 910/2014 as regards establishing the European Digital Identity Framework. Official Journal of the European Union L, 2024/1183 (April 30, 2024). CELEX 32024R1183. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32024R1183. Geltendes Recht. CELEX 32024R1183; ELI reg/2024/1183/oj. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1183/oj/eng.
European Commission. 2026b. The European Digital Identity Wallet Architecture and Reference Framework. Version 3.0.0. Technical specification and release notes, July 23, 2026. EU Digital Identity Wallet official repository. Version 3.0.0 superseded version 2.9.0 of May 21, 2026. https://github.com/eu-digital-identity-wallet/eudi-doc-architecture-and-reference-framework/releases/tag/v3.0.0. Technische Spezifikation und Versionshinweise, die Version 2.9.0 vom 2026-05-21 ersetzen.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2022. Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market for Digital Services (Digital Services Act). Official Journal of the European Union L 277 (October 27, 2022): 1–102. CELEX 32022R2065. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022R2065. Geltendes Recht. CELEX 32022R2065; ELI reg/2022/2065/oj. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj/eng.
European Commission. n.d.-a. “Article 5: Prohibited AI Practices.” AI Act Service Desk. Explanatory service reproducing the AI Act; read with Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 and its phased application dates. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-5. Offizielles Informationsangebot zu Artikel 5 der Verordnung (EU) 2024/1689. Abgerufen: 2026-07-14.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2024a. Directive (EU) 2024/2831 of 23 October 2024 on improving working conditions in platform work. Official Journal of the European Union L, 2024/2831 (November 11, 2024). Article 29(1) sets a December 2, 2026 transposition deadline. CELEX 32024L2831. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32024L2831. In nationales Recht umzusetzendes Unionsrecht; sektorspezifischer Anwendungsbereich. CELEX 32024L2831; ELI dir/2024/2831/oj. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2831/oj/eng.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2019. Directive (EU) 2019/790 of 17 April 2019 on copyright and related rights in the Digital Single Market. Official Journal of the European Union L 130 (May 17, 2019): 92–125. CELEX 32019L0790. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj/eng. Mit nationalen Unterschieden umgesetztes Unionsrecht. CELEX 32019L0790; ELI dir/2019/790/oj.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2017a. Regulation (EU) 2017/745 of 5 April 2017 on medical devices. Official Journal of the European Union L 117 (May 5, 2017): 1–175. As amended. CELEX 32017R0745. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj. Geltendes Recht. CELEX 32017R0745; ELI reg/2017/745/oj. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj/eng.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2017b. Regulation (EU) 2017/746 of 5 April 2017 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices. Official Journal of the European Union L 117 (May 5, 2017): 176–332. As amended. CELEX 32017R0746. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32017R0746. Geltendes Recht. CELEX 32017R0746; ELI reg/2017/746/oj. Zusätzliche Ressourcenlinks: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/746/oj/eng.
European Data Protection Board (EDPB). 2023. Guidelines 05/2022 on the Use of Facial Recognition Technology in the Area of Law Enforcement. Version 2.0, April 26, 2023. https://www.edpb.europa.eu/system/files/2023-05/edpb_guidelines_202304_frtlawenforcement_v2_en.pdf. Offizielle Auslegungshilfe, keine Rechtsvorschrift.
Garante per la protezione dei dati personali (Garante). n.d. “Eredità digitale [Digital inheritance].” Institutional guidance reproducing Article 2-terdecies of Legislative Decree No. 196/2003, paragraphs 1–5. https://www.garanteprivacy.it/temi/internet-e-nuove-tecnologie/eredita-digitale. Institutionelle Leitlinie; Rechtsgrundlage: Gesetzesvertretendes Dekret 196/2003, Artikel 2-terdecies. Abgerufen: 2026-07-14.
European Commission. 2026a. Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content. Final code published June 10, 2026; Commission Opinion dated July 8, 2026; AI Board adequacy assessment dated July 9, 2026. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/commission-opinion-assessment-code-practice-transparency-ai-generated-content; https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-publishes-code-practice-marking-and-labelling-ai-generated-content. Freiwilliges Instrument zur Umsetzung von Artikel 50 der KI-Verordnung; die Teilnahme stellt keinen abschließenden Nachweis der Konformität dar.
European Commission. 2025. “General-Purpose AI Code of Practice Now Available.” July 10, 2025. Publication announcement for the final voluntary code supporting compliance with the AI Act. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/general-purpose-ai-code-practice-now-available. Freiwilliges Instrument zur Unterstützung der Einhaltung der Vorschriften; GPAI-Pflichten gelten seit 2025-08-02, wobei die Durchsetzungsbefugnisse der Kommission ab 2026-08-02 gelten sollen und für bereits auf dem Markt befindliche GPAI-Modelle die Einhaltung bis 2027-08-02 vorgesehen ist. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2026. Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 of 8 July 2026 amending Regulations (EU) 2024/1689, (EU) 2018/1139 and (EU) 2023/1230 as regards the simplification of the implementation of harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Digital Omnibus on AI). Official Journal of the European Union L, 2026/1744 (July 24, 2026). Entered into force July 27, 2026. CELEX 32026R1744. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32026R1744. Geltendes Recht seit 2026-07-27; einzelne Bestimmungen werden schrittweise anwendbar.
European Commission. 2026. “European Digital Identity Wallet Implementation.” Updated June 22, 2026. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eudi-wallet-implementation. Institutioneller Umsetzungskontext; getrennt von der technischen Spezifikation Version 3.0.0 beibehalten. Abgerufen: 2026-07-17.
Government of Canada. 2019. Directive on Automated Decision-Making. As amended. https://www.tbs-sct.canada.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?id=32592. Staatliche Richtlinie; umfasst die Bewertung algorithmischer Auswirkungen.