Bibliografia navigabile

A. M. Turing, Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Oxford University Press / Mind. 1950. Fonte primaria. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433 .

John McCarthy, Marvin L. Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, Claude E. Shannon, A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence. Dartmouth College archive. 1955. Fonte primaria / archivio ufficiale. https://jmc.stanford.edu/articles/dartmouth/dartmouth.pdf .

Frank Rosenblatt, The Perceptron: A Probabilistic Model for Information Storage and Organization in the Brain. Psychological Review. 1958. Fonte primaria. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0042519 .

Marvin Minsky e Seymour Papert, Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry. MIT Press, 1969; edizione ampliata, 1987. Fonte primaria; la pagina dell’editore rinvia all’edizione ampliata. https://mitpress.mit.edu/9780262631112/perceptrons/ .

David E. Rumelhart, Geoffrey E. Hinton, Ronald J. Williams, Learning representations by back-propagating errors. Nature. 1986. Fonte primaria. https://doi.org/10.1038/323533a0 .

IBM, Deep Blue. 1997. Archivio aziendale ufficiale. Accesso: 2026. https://www.ibm.com/history/deep-blue .

Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever, Geoffrey E. Hinton, ImageNet Classification with Deep Convolutional Neural Networks. NeurIPS. 2012. Fonte primaria. https://papers.nips.cc/paper/4824-imagenet-classification-with-deep-convolutional-neural-networks .

Ashish Vaswani et al., Attention Is All You Need. NeurIPS / arXiv. 2017. Fonte primaria. https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762 .

Joseph Weizenbaum, ELIZA - A Computer Program for the Study of Natural Language Communication Between Man and Machine. Communications of the ACM. 1966. Fonte primaria. https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168 .

OpenAI, Introducing ChatGPT. 2022-11-30. Annuncio aziendale ufficiale. https://openai.com/index/chatgpt/ .

DARPA, ARPANET. 1969. Archivio istituzionale ufficiale. Accesso: 2026. https://www.darpa.mil/news/features/arpanet .

Internet Society, New Year’s Day Marks 30th Anniversary of Major Milestone for Global Internet. 2013-01-01. Documentazione istituzionale. https://www.internetsociety.org/news/press-releases/2013/new-years-day-marks-30th-anniversary-of-major-milestone-for-global-internet/ .

CERN, A short history of the Web. Archivio istituzionale ufficiale. Accesso: 2026. https://home.cern/science/computing/the-birth-of-the-web/short-history-web/ .

CERN, The open internet and the web. 2013-04-30. Documentazione ufficiale. https://home.cern/open-internet-and-web/ .

W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group, Verifiable Credentials Data Model v2.0. 2025-05-15. W3C Recommendation. https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-model-2.0/ .

W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group, Verifiable Credential Data Integrity 1.0. 2025-05-15. W3C Recommendation. https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-data-integrity/ .

W3C Verifiable Credentials Working Group, Securing Verifiable Credentials using JOSE and COSE. 2025-05-15. W3C Recommendation. https://www.w3.org/TR/vc-jose-cose/ .

OpenID Foundation, OpenID for Verifiable Credential Issuance 1.0. 2025-09-16. Final Specification. https://openid.net/specs/openid-4-verifiable-credential-issuance-1_0.html .

OpenID Foundation, OpenID for Verifiable Presentations 1.0. 2025-07-09. Final Specification. https://openid.net/specs/openid-4-verifiable-presentations-1_0.html .

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Digital Identity Guidelines, NIST SP 800-63-4. 2025-07-31. Standard tecnico finale. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.800-63-4 .

Dylan Yaga et al., Blockchain Technology Overview, NISTIR 8202. 2018-10-03. Rapporto tecnico ufficiale. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.8202 .

World Health Organization, Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health. 2021-06-28. Linee guida istituzionali. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240029200 .

World Health Organization, Regulatory considerations on artificial intelligence for health. 2023-10-19. Quadro istituzionale di considerazioni regolatorie, non regolamento. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240078871 .

World Health Organization, Ethics and governance of artificial intelligence for health: Guidance on large multi-modal models. Edizione e citazione bibliografica WHO: 2024; pagina istituzionale corrente datata 2025-03-25. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240084759 ; https://www.who.int/publications/b/70584 .

WHO Regional Office for Europe, Artificial intelligence is reshaping health systems: state of readiness across the European Union. 2026-04-20. Rapporto istituzionale sulla preparazione dei sistemi sanitari nei 27 Stati membri dell’UE; non prova clinica di efficacia. WHO/EURO:2026-12707-52481-81471. https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2026-12707-52481-81471 .

World Health Organization, Artificial intelligence and evidence-informed policy: emerging challenges and opportunities: discussion paper. 2026-04-25. Documento tecnico istituzionale; richiede supervisione, valutazioni d’impatto e giudizio umano. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/B09667 .

Medical Device Coordination Group, MDCG 2019-11 rev.1, Guidance on Qualification and Classification of Software in Regulation (EU) 2017/745 - MDR and Regulation (EU) 2017/746 - IVDR. 2025-06-17. Guida ufficiale della Commissione europea, non atto legislativo. https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b45335c5-1679-4c71-a91c-fc7a4d37f12b_en .

Artificial Intelligence Board / Medical Device Coordination Group, AIB 2025-1 - MDCG 2025-6, Interplay between the Medical Devices Regulation, the In Vitro Diagnostic Medical Devices Regulation and the Artificial Intelligence Act. 2025. Guida congiunta ufficiale, non atto legislativo. https://health.ec.europa.eu/document/download/b78a17d7-e3cd-4943-851d-e02a2f22bbb4_en .

World Health Organization, Mental health of adolescents. Aggiornato 2025-09-01. Scheda istituzionale. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-mental-health .

World Health Organization, From loneliness to social connection: charting a path to healthier societies - Report of the WHO Commission on Social Connection. 2025-06-30. Rapporto istituzionale. https://www.who.int/groups/commission-on-social-connection/report .

UNICEF Innocenti, Guidance on AI and Children, Version 3.0. 2025-12. Guida istituzionale fondata sui diritti dell’infanzia. https://www.unicef.org/innocenti/reports/policy-guidance-ai-children .

UNICEF, When AI becomes a friend: Child rights risks, harms, and regulatory responses to AI chatbots and companions. 2026-06. Policy brief; ricognizione regolatoria aggiornata al 2026-05-15, non prova clinica. https://www.unicef.org/documents/when-ai-becomes-friend-child-rights-risks .

U.S. Federal Trade Commission, FTC Launches Inquiry into AI Chatbots Acting as Companions. 2025-09-11. Atto d’inchiesta regolatoria, non risultato clinico. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2025/09/ftc-launches-inquiry-ai-chatbots-acting-companions .

UNESCO, Guidance for generative AI in education and research. 2023-09-07, pagina aggiornata 2026-01-16. Guida istituzionale. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/guidance-generative-ai-education-and-research .

Paweł Gmyrek et al., Generative AI and Jobs: A Refined Global Index of Occupational Exposure. ILO Working Paper 140. 2025-05-20. Rapporto di ricerca istituzionale. https://doi.org/10.54394/HETP0387 .

Carl Öhman, Luciano Floridi, An ethical framework for the digital afterlife industry. Nature Human Behaviour, 2, 318-320. 2018-04-09. Articolo scientifico. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0335-2 .

UN Trade and Development, Technology and Innovation Report 2025: Inclusive artificial intelligence for development. 2025-04-07. Rapporto ONU. https://unctad.org/publication/technology-and-innovation-report-2025 .

International Energy Agency (IEA), Energy and AI. 2025-04-10. Rapporto istituzionale. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-ai .

Arman Shehabi et al., 2024 United States Data Center Energy Usage Report. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory / U.S. Department of Energy, 2024-12-19. Rapporto tecnico ufficiale. DOI 10.71468/P1WC7Q. https://eta.lbl.gov/publications/2024-lbnl-data-center-energy-usage-report .

U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Use Terminology. Pagina ufficiale. Accesso: 2026-07-15. Definizioni operative di withdrawal e consumptive use. https://www.usgs.gov/mission-areas/water-resources/science/water-use-terminology .

International Organization for Standardization, ISO 14040:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Principles and framework; ISO 14044:2006, Environmental management - Life cycle assessment - Requirements and guidelines. Edizioni correnti confermate nel 2022. Standard metodologici. https://www.iso.org/standard/37456.html ; https://www.iso.org/standard/38498.html .

U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026. Versione 1.3, maggio 2026. Rapporto ufficiale. https://doi.org/10.3133/mcs2026 .

International Energy Agency (IEA), Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025. 2025. Rapporto istituzionale. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-outlook-2025 .

UNITAR SCYCLE e International Telecommunication Union, Global E-waste Monitor 2024. 2024-03-20. Rapporto ONU. https://www.itu.int/hub/publication/d-gen-e_waste-01-2024/ .

Starcloud, Starcloud-1. Pagina aziendale su attività propria; dichiara il lancio del satellite nel novembre 2025, senza provare scala o fattibilità commerciale. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://www.starcloud.com/starcloud-1 .

Axiom Space, Orbital Data Centers. Pagina aziendale su attività propria; dichiara il lancio dei primi due nodi dedicati in orbita terrestre bassa l’11 gennaio 2026. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://www.axiomspace.com/orbital-data-center .

Google Research, Exploring a space-based, scalable AI infrastructure system design. 2025-11-04. Annuncio aziendale del Project Suncatcher; i due satelliti prototipo previsti per l’inizio del 2027 restano un progetto annunciato, non un lancio avvenuto. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://research.google/blog/exploring-a-space-based-scalable-ai-infrastructure-system-design/ .

Commissione europea, CORDIS, Advanced Space Cloud for European Net zero emissions and Data sovereignty (ASCEND), grant agreement 101082517: Fact Sheet e Periodic Reporting. Progetto: 2023-01-01-2024-04-30; rapporto aggiornato: 2026-01-14. Scheda e rapporto istituzionali di fattibilità; non fonte tecnica indipendente. DOI progetto 10.3030/101082517. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101082517 ; https://cordis.europa.eu/project/id/101082517/reporting .

Slava G. Turyshev, Orbital Data Centers: Spacecraft Constraints and Economic Viability. 2026-04-29. Preprint tecnico indipendente, arXiv:2604.27197. DOI 10.48550/arXiv.2604.27197. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.27197 ; https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2604.27197 .

Mahmoud Al Ahmad, Qurban Memon e Michael Pecht, Reliability and Risk in Space-Based Data Centers: A Lifecycle Assessment of Orbital Cloud Infrastructure. Applied Sciences, 16(11), 5247. 2026-05-23. Articolo tecnico indipendente peer-reviewed. DOI 10.3390/app16115247. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/16/11/5247 ; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16115247 .

Andrew R. Wilson, Massimiliano Vasile, Christie Maddock e Keith Baker, Implementing life cycle sustainability assessment for improved space mission design. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 19, 1002-1022, 2023. Articolo tecnico indipendente peer-reviewed. DOI 10.1002/ieam.4722. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ieam.4722 ; https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4722 .

Daniel M. Murphy et al., Metals from spacecraft reentry in stratospheric aerosol particles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(43), 2023. Articolo scientifico indipendente peer-reviewed; copia nel repository istituzionale NOAA. DOI 10.1073/pnas.2313374120. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/58476 ; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2313374120 .

Kenya Ports Authority, Port of Mombasa. Pagina istituzionale sul collegamento multimodale del porto con il retroterra. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://kpa.co.ke/Ports/PortOfMombasa .

Northern Corridor Transit and Transport Coordination Authority, Who We Are. Pagina istituzionale sul Corridoio Nord fra il porto di Mombasa e i paesi senza sbocco sul mare della regione dei Grandi Laghi. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://www.ttcanc.org/node/70 .

NIST, Vision for Success: Facilities for Semiconductor Materials and Manufacturing Equipment. NIST / CHIPS for America. 2023-06-22. Documentazione ufficiale. https://www.nist.gov/chips/vision-success-facilities-semiconductor-materials-and-manufacturing-equipment .

U.S. Government Accountability Office, Semiconductor Supply Chain: Policy Considerations from Selected Experts for Reducing Risks and Mitigating Shortages. 2022-07-26. Rapporto ufficiale. https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-22-105923 .

Commissione europea, European Chips Act. Pagina istituzionale sul quadro vigente; non atto normativo. Accesso: 2026. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/european-chips-act .

Commissione europea, Proposal for the Chips Act 2.0. 2026-06-03. Proposta legislativa, non diritto vigente. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/proposal-chips-act-20 .

U.S. Bureau of Industry and Security, Revision to License Review Policy for Advanced Computing Commodities. Regola finale, 91 FR 1684, 15 CFR parts 742, 744 e 748, pubblicata ed efficace il 2026-01-15; Extension of Authorized Integrated Circuit Designer Status, 91 FR 17851, pubblicata il 2026-04-09 ed efficace dal 2026-04-07; Guidance on Advanced Computing Items, FAQ di 2026-05. Atti e guida ufficiali; applicazione da verificare sulle EAR vigenti e sulla transazione concreta. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/15/2026-00789/revision-to-license-review-policy-for-advanced-computing-commodities ; https://www.bis.gov/regulations/federal-register-notices ; https://www.bis.gov/regulations/ear/744 ; https://www.bis.gov/regulations/ear/748 .

International Telecommunication Union e International Cable Protection Committee, International Advisory Body on Submarine Cable Resilience - Report of the Working Groups 2026. Approvato 2026-07-10. Rapporto istituzionale finale. https://www.itu.int/hub/publication/s-iab-wg-2026/ .

UK Competition and Markets Authority, Cloud services market investigation - final decision. 2025-07-31. Decisione regolatoria finale sul mercato britannico dell’infrastruttura cloud pubblica; aggiornamento: Actions on cloud and business software through the UK digital markets competition regime, 2026-03-31, e avvio dell’indagine SMS sull’ecosistema software di Microsoft, 2026-05-14. https://www.gov.uk/cma-cases/cloud-services-market-investigation ; https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/business-software-and-cloud-services .

ENISA, ENISA Threat Landscape 2025. 2025-10-01. Rapporto ufficiale. https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/enisa-threat-landscape-2025 .

ENISA, ENISA’s view on Cybersecurity in the Frontier AI Era. 2026-07-07. Rapporto ufficiale con raccomandazioni iniziali per capacità operative contro minacce a velocità macchina; non sostituisce il Threat Landscape annuale. https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/enisas-view-on-cybersecurity-in-the-frontier-ai-era .

Nazioni Unite, Final substantive report of the Open-ended Working Group on developments in the field of information and telecommunications in the context of international security, A/75/816. 2021-03-18. Rapporto ufficiale ONU. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3908015 .

Robert Chesney e Danielle Keats Citron, Deep Fakes: A Looming Challenge for Privacy, Democracy, and National Security. California Law Review, vol. 107, 2019, pp. 1753-1819. Fonte primaria del concetto di «liar’s dividend»; DOI 10.15779/Z38RV0D15J. https://www.californialawreview.org/print/deep-fakes-a-looming-challenge-for-privacy-democracy-and-national-security .

Parlamento europeo e Consiglio, Regolamento (UE) 2024/1689 (AI Act). 2024-06-13. Diritto vigente; applicazione progressiva. CELEX 32024R1689; ELI reg/2024/1689/oj. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj/eng .

Commissione europea - AI Act Service Desk, AI Act - Article 50: Transparency obligations for providers and deployers of certain AI systems. Servizio ufficiale relativo all’art. 50 del Regolamento (UE) 2024/1689. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-50 .

Commissione europea - AI Act Service Desk, AI Act - Article 53: Obligations for providers of general-purpose AI models. Servizio ufficiale relativo all’art. 53 del Regolamento (UE) 2024/1689. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-53 .

Parlamento europeo e Consiglio, Regolamento (UE) 2016/679 (GDPR). 2016-04-27. Diritto vigente. CELEX 32016R0679; ELI reg/2016/679/oj. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj/eng .

Article 29 Data Protection Working Party, Guidelines on Automated individual decision-making and Profiling for the purposes of Regulation 2016/679, WP251 rev.01. Fatte proprie dall’European Data Protection Board il 2018-05-25. Guida interpretativa ufficiale; non fonte legislativa. https://www.edpb.europa.eu/documents/guideline/automated-decision-making-and-profiling_en .

Corte di giustizia dell’Unione europea, SCHUFA Holding (Scoring), C-634/21. 2023-12-07. Giurisprudenza vincolante nell’interpretazione del diritto UE. ECLI:EU:C:2023:957. https://infocuria.curia.europa.eu/tabs/redirect/juris/document/document.jsf?docid=280426&doclang=en .

Parlamento europeo e Consiglio, Regolamento (UE) 2024/1183 che istituisce il quadro europeo relativo a un’identità digitale. 2024-04-11. Diritto vigente. CELEX 32024R1183; ELI reg/2024/1183/oj. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1183/oj/eng .

Commissione europea, European Digital Identity Wallet implementation. Pagina aggiornata: 2026-06-22. Il quadro prevede wallet degli Stati membri entro fine 2026; il repository ufficiale dell’Architecture and Reference Framework indica come release corrente la v2.9.0 del 2026-05-21. Pagina istituzionale e specifica tecnica. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/eudi-wallet-implementation ; https://github.com/eu-digital-identity-wallet/eudi-doc-architecture-and-reference-framework/releases/tag/v2.9.0 .

Parlamento europeo e Consiglio, Regolamento (UE) 2022/2065 sui servizi digitali (DSA). 2022-10-19. Diritto vigente. CELEX 32022R2065; ELI reg/2022/2065/oj. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj/eng .

Commissione europea - AI Act Service Desk, AI Act - Article 5: Prohibited AI practices. Servizio ufficiale relativo all’art. 5 del Regolamento (UE) 2024/1689. Accesso: 2026-07-14. https://ai-act-service-desk.ec.europa.eu/en/ai-act/article-5 .

Parlamento europeo e Consiglio, Direttiva (UE) 2024/2831 relativa al miglioramento delle condizioni di lavoro nel lavoro mediante piattaforme digitali. 2024-10-23. Diritto UE da recepire; ambito settoriale. CELEX 32024L2831; ELI dir/2024/2831/oj. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/2831/oj/eng .

Parlamento europeo e Consiglio, Direttiva (UE) 2019/790 sul diritto d’autore nel mercato unico digitale. 2019-04-17. Diritto UE recepito con differenze nazionali. CELEX 32019L0790; ELI dir/2019/790/oj. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj/eng .

Commissione europea, Code of Practice on Transparency of AI-Generated Content. Versione finale pubblicata 2026-06-10; Commission Opinion dell’8 luglio 2026 e valutazione dell’AI Board del 9 luglio 2026 sull’adeguatezza. Strumento volontario per l’attuazione dell’art. 50 AI Act; l’adesione non costituisce prova conclusiva di conformità. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-publishes-code-practice-marking-and-labelling-ai-generated-content ; https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/commission-opinion-assessment-code-practice-transparency-ai-generated-content .

Commissione europea, General-Purpose AI Code of Practice. Versione finale pubblicata il 2025-07-10. Strumento volontario di supporto alla conformità; gli obblighi GPAI si applicano dal 2025-08-02 e l’enforcement dell’AI Office dal 2026-08-02 per i nuovi modelli e dal 2027-08-02 per quelli esistenti. Accesso: 2026-07-17. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/general-purpose-ai-code-practice-now-available .

Parlamento europeo e Consiglio, Regolamento (UE) 2017/745 relativo ai dispositivi medici. 2017-04-05. Diritto vigente. CELEX 32017R0745; ELI reg/2017/745/oj. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/745/oj/eng .

Parlamento europeo e Consiglio, Regolamento (UE) 2017/746 relativo ai dispositivi medico-diagnostici in vitro. 2017-04-05. Diritto vigente. CELEX 32017R0746; ELI reg/2017/746/oj. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2017/746/oj/eng .

European Data Protection Board, Guidelines 05/2022 on the use of facial recognition technology in the area of law enforcement. Versione finale 2.0, 2023-05-17. Guida interpretativa ufficiale; non legge. https://www.edpb.europa.eu/system/files/2023-05/edpb_guidelines_202304_frtlawenforcement_v2_en.pdf .

Garante per la protezione dei dati personali, Eredità digitale e art. 2-terdecies del Codice privacy. Guida istituzionale; base normativa: d.lgs. 196/2003, art. 2-terdecies. Accesso: 2026-07-14. https://www.garanteprivacy.it/temi/internet-e-nuove-tecnologie/eredita-digitale .